A review on plasma-based CO₂ utilization: process considerations in the development of sustainable chemical production

Plasma-based processes, particularly in carbon capture and utilization, hold great potential for addressing environmental challenges and advancing a circular carbon economy. While significant progress has been made in understanding plasma-induced reactions, plasma-catalyst interactions, and reactor development to enhance energy efficiency and conversion, there remains a notable gap in research concerning overall process development. This review emphasizes the critical need for considerations at the process level, including integration and intensification, to facilitate the industrialization of plasma technology for chemical production. Discussions centered on the development of plasma-based processes are made with a primary focus on CO₂ conversion, offering insights to guide future work for the transition of the technology from laboratory scale to industrial applications. Identification of current research gaps, especially in upscaling and integrating plasma reactors with other process units, is the key to addressing critical issues. The review further delves into relevant research in process evaluation and assessment, providing methodological insights and highlighting key factors for comprehensive economic and sustainability analyses. Additionally, recent advancements in novel plasma systems are reviewed, presenting unique advantages and innovative concepts that could reshape the future of process development. This review provides essential information for navigating the path forward, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of challenges and opportunities in the development of plasma-based CCU process.