Comprehensive research facility for negative ion source neutral beam injection at CRAFT: design and first operation

Jianglong WEI; Yahong XIE; Yuanlai XIE; Caichao JIANG; Yuanzhe ZHAO; Yongjian XU; Yuming GU; Wei YI; Wei LIU; Lyuyang BU; Dezhi YAN; Zhimin LIU; Sheng LIU; Junjun PAN; Shiyong CHEN; Ling YU; Qinglong CUI; Shihua SONG; Yuqing CHEN; Ji WANG; Ling LIU; Shengmin PAN; Bin GUO; Zhigang ZHU; Na WANG; Junwei XIE; Yuwen YANG; Tengsai ZHU; Lixin YANG; Yufan LI; Ning TANG; Qianxu WANG; Huihui HONG; Bo LIU; Yuqian LI; Yang LI; Yu GU; Xufeng PENG; Shanhu LIU; Yong WU; Xiancai MENG; Chundong HU; Lizhen LIANG

doi:10.1088/2058-6272/ad8da7

Plasma Science and Technology > 2025 > 27(4): 044001. > DOI: 10.1088/2058-6272/ad8da7 CSTR: 32219.14.2058-6272/ad8da7

Jianglong WEI, Yahong XIE, Yuanlai XIE, Caichao JIANG, Yuanzhe ZHAO, Yongjian XU, Yuming GU, Wei YI, Wei LIU, Lyuyang BU, Dezhi YAN, Zhimin LIU, Sheng LIU, Junjun PAN, Shiyong CHEN, Ling YU, Qinglong CUI, Shihua SONG, Yuqing CHEN, Ji WANG, Ling LIU, Shengmin PAN, Bin GUO, Zhigang ZHU, Na WANG, Junwei XIE, Yuwen YANG, Tengsai ZHU, Lixin YANG, Yufan LI, Ning TANG, Qianxu WANG, Huihui HONG, Bo LIU, Yuqian LI, Yang LI, Yu GU, Xufeng PENG, Shanhu LIU, Yong WU, Xiancai MENG, Chundong HU, Lizhen LIANG. Comprehensive research facility for negative ion source neutral beam injection at CRAFT: design and first operation[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2025, 27(4): 044001. DOI: 10.1088/2058-6272/ad8da7

Citation:

PDF (2233 KB)

Comprehensive research facility for negative ion source neutral beam injection at CRAFT: design and first operation

1.
Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China
2.
Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
3.
School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, People’s Republic of China
4.
School of Electrical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, People’s Republic of China
5.
School of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, People’s Republic of China
6.
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230022, People’s Republic of China
7.
Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China

More Information

Author Bio:
Jianglong WEI: jlwei@ipp.ac.cn

Lizhen LIANG: lzliang@ipp.ac.cn
Corresponding author:
Jianglong WEI, jlwei@ipp.ac.cn

Lizhen LIANG, lzliang@ipp.ac.cn
Received Date: August 21, 2024
Revised Date: October 30, 2024
Accepted Date: October 30, 2024
Available Online: October 31, 2024
Published Date: April 01, 2025

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Neutral beam injection (NBI) has been proven as a reliable heating and current drive method for fusion plasma. For the high-energy NBI system (particle energy > 150 keV) of large-scale fusion devices, the negative ion source neutral beam injection (NNBI) system is inevitable, which can obtain an acceptable neutralization efficiency (> 55%). But the NNBI system is very complex and challengeable. To explore and master the key NNBI technology for future fusion reactor in China, an NNBI test facility is under development in the framework of the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT). The initial goal of CRAFT NNBI facility is to achieve a 2 MW hydrogen neutral beam at the energy of 200–400 keV for lasting 100 s. In the first operation of the CRAFT NNBI facility, a negative ion source with dual RF drivers was developed and tested. By using the 50 keV accelerator, the long-pulse and high-current extractions of negative hydrogen ions have been achieved and the typical values were 55.4 keV, 7.3 A (~ 123 A/m²), 105 s and 55.0 keV, 14.7 A (~ 248 A/m²), 30 s, respectively. By using the 200 keV accelerator, the megawatt-class negative hydrogen beam has also been achieved (135.9 keV, 8.9 A, 8 s). The whole process of the gas neutralization of negative ion beam, electric removal of residual ions, and beam transport have been demonstrated experimentally.
- beam acceleration,
- magnetic confinement fusion,
- negative ion source,
- neutral beam injection

FullText(HTML)

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology Program of China (No. 2018-000052-73-01-001228).

References (88)

References

[1]	Eubank H et al 1979 Phys. Rev. Lett. 43 270 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.270
[2]	Wagner F et al 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 1408 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1408
[3]	Keilhacker M et al 1999 Nucl. Fusion 39 209 doi: 10.1088/0029-5515/39/2/306
[4]	Fujita T et al 1999 Nucl. Fusion 39 1627 doi: 10.1088/0029-5515/39/11y/302
[5]	Maslov M et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 112002 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ace2d8
[6]	Han H et al 2022 Nature 609 269 doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05008-1
[7]	Magee R M et al 2023 Nat. Commun. 14 955 doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36655-1
[8]	Ding S et al 2024 Nature 629 555 doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07313-3
[9]	Polevoi A R et al 2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 096024 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/aba335
[10]	Chen J L et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 046002 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/abd7b8
[11]	Vincenzi P et al 2021 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 63 065014 doi: 10.1088/1361-6587/abf402
[12]	Sugiyama S et al 2024 Nucl. Fusion 64 076014 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ad49b6
[13]	Mikkelsen D R et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 036014 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/aaa4d2
[14]	Hopf C et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 106032 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ac227a
[15]	Kashiwagi M et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 026025 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ac388a
[16]	King D B et al 2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 112005 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/acee97
[17]	Hemsworth R S et al 2017 New J. Phys. 19 025005 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/19/2/025005
[18]	Hemsworth R S and Inoue T 2005 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 33 1799 doi: 10.1109/TPS.2005.860090
[19]	Kojima A et al 2010 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81 02B112 doi: 10.1063/1.3279398
[20]	Tsumori K et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion 62 056016 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ac2d59
[21]	Hu C D et al 2022 Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys. 42 388 (in Chinese) doi: 10.16568/j.0254-6086.202204005
[22]	Xie Y H et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion Plasma Phys. 41 628 (in Chinese) doi: 10.16568/j.0254-6086.202104008
[23]	Marcuzzi D et al 2016 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 02B309 doi: 10.1063/1.4932615
[24]	Heinemann B et al 2017 New J. Phys. 19 015001 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa520c
[25]	Fantz U et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 116007 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/aa778b
[26]	Masiello A et al 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 193 113801 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113801
[27]	Jiang C C et al 2017 Fusion Eng. Des. 117 100 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.02.091
[28]	Hu C D et al 2018 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 46 1699 doi: 10.1109/Tps.2018.2797891
[29]	Huang M C et al 2018 Plasma Sci. Technol. 20 085602 doi: 10.1088/2058-6272/aabde5
[30]	Huang M C et al 2019 Fusion Sci. Technol. 75 330 doi: 10.1080/15361055.2018.1557985
[31]	Wünderlich D et al 2023 J. Instrum. 18 C10024 doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/10/c10024
[32]	Franzen P et al 2014 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56 025007 doi: 10.1088/0741-3335/56/2/025007
[33]	Wünderlich D et al 2016 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 58 125005 doi: 10.1088/0741-3335/58/12/125005
[34]	Fantz U et al 2020 Fusion Eng. Des. 156 111609 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111609
[35]	Cui Z W et al 2023 Chin. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 43 231 doi: 10.13922/j.cnki.cjvst.202210003
[36]	Tao L et al 2022 Fusion Sci Technol. 78 490 doi: 10.1080/15361055.2022.2050131
[37]	Tang N et al 2022 Fusion Eng. Des. 176 113018 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113018
[38]	Tang N, Hu C D and Xie Y L 2024 J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 61 606 doi: 10.1080/00223131.2023.2247406
[39]	Hu C D et al 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 189 113469 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113469
[40]	Wang M X et al 2022 Fusion Eng. Des. 184 113302 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113302
[41]	Wang M X et al 2022 Fusion Eng. Des. 182 113245 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113245
[42]	Lang J Q, Hu C D and Xie Y L 2021 Fusion Eng. Des. 173 112841 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112841
[43]	Wang Q X et al 2024 Fusion Eng. Des. 207 114637 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114637
[44]	Wang Q X et al 2024 Nucl. Eng. Technol. 57 103178 doi: 10.1016/j.net.2024.08.047
[45]	Xu Y J et al 2021 AIP Conf. Proc. 2373 100004 doi: 10.1063/5.0057631
[46]	Liang L Z et al 2021 Fusion Eng. Des. 166 112266 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112266
[47]	Xu Y J et al 2024 Fusion Eng. Des. 202 114432 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114432
[48]	Yu L et al 2024 J. Instrum. 19 C01004 doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/C01004
[49]	Liang L Z et al 2015 Phys. Scr. 90 045603 doi: 10.1088/0031-8949/90/4/045603
[50]	Xu Y J et al 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 194 113891 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113891
[51]	Xu Y J et al 2019 J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 139 527 doi: 10.1007/s10973-019-08292-8
[52]	Toigo V et al 2021 Fusion Eng. Des. 168 112622 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112622
[53]	Toigo V et al 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 086058 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab2271
[54]	Singh M J et al 2019 Nucl. Fusion 59 096034 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab1ff8
[55]	Hanada M et al 2001 Fusion Eng. Des. 56–57 505 doi: 10.1016/S0920-3796(01)00335-0
[56]	Marcuzzi D et al 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 191 113590 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113590
[57]	Serianni G et al 2023 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 51 927 doi: 10.1109/tps.2022.3226239
[58]	Sartori E et al 2023 J. Instrum. 18 C09001 doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/09/C09001
[59]	Zhang Z Y et al 2019 Fusion Eng. Des. 148 111316 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.111316
[60]	Wei J L et al 2021 Fusion Eng. Des. 169 112482 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112482
[61]	Yi W et al 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 194 113749 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113749
[62]	Liang L Z et al 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 190 113499 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113499
[63]	Wei J L et al 2018 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 46 1149 doi: 10.1109/Tps.2017.2771825
[64]	Gu Y M et al 2021 Fusion Eng. Des. 171 112600 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112600
[65]	Xie Y H et al 2023 J. Instrum. 18 C07017 doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/07/C07017
[66]	Yang Y W et al 2024 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 66 055019 doi: 10.1088/1361-6587/ad3c1e
[67]	Wang N et al 2023 Plasma Sci. Technol. 25 045601 doi: 10.1088/2058-6272/aca1fb
[68]	Wang N et al 2023 Phys. Scr. 98 115606 doi: 10.1088/1402-4896/acfe5c
[69]	Xie J W et al 2023 IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 51 2225 doi: 10.1109/Tps.2023.3297197
[70]	Xie J W et al 2024 Plasma Sci. Technol. 26 045602 doi: 10.1088/2058-6272/ad1043
[71]	Chen Y Q et al 2024 Fusion Eng. Des. 199 114149 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114149
[72]	Yang Y L et al 2024 Nucl. Eng. Technol. 56 1145 doi: 10.1016/j.net.2023.11.019
[73]	Peng X F et al 2023 Phys. Plasmas 30 103507 doi: 10.1063/5.0156271
[74]	Peng X F et al 2024 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 66 105013 doi: 10.1088/1361-6587/ad705b
[75]	Xie Y H et al 2021 Fusion Eng. Des. 167 112377 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112377
[76]	Wei J L et al 2023 Phys. Plasmas 30 033102 doi: 10.1063/5.0139827
[77]	Yang Y W et al 2023 Nucl. Eng. Technol. 55 939 doi: 10.1016/j.net.2022.12.002
[78]	Wünderlich D et al 2021 Nucl. Fusion 61 096023 doi: 10.1088/1741-4326/ac1758
[79]	Wünderlich D et al 2021 Plasma 4 172 doi: 10.3390/plasma4010010
[80]	Wünderlich D et al 2024 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2743 012026 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2743/1/012026
[81]	Gu Y M et al 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 192 113603 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113603
[82]	Cui Q L et al 2020 Fusion Eng. Des. 161 112056 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.112056
[83]	Ban T et al 2023 Fusion Eng. Des. 186 113355 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113355
[84]	Liu W et al 2022 Energies 15 4409 doi: 10.3390/en15124409
[85]	Crowley B, Rauch J and Scoville J T 2015 Fusion Eng. Des. 96-97 443 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.02.028
[86]	Surrey E et al 2005 Fusion Eng. Des. 73 141 doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.348
[87]	Li X et al 2016 Plasma Sci. Technol. 18 1215 doi: 10.1088/1009-0630/18/12/12
[88]	Kim T S et al 2009 Vacuum 84 568 doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2009.06.052

[1]	Junwei XIE, Yahong XIE, Jianglong WEI, Lizhen LIANG, Xufeng PENG, Yuwen YANG, Yuming GU, Chundong HU, Yuanlai XIE. Experimental results of a magnetic field modification to the radio frequency driver of a negative ion source[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2024, 26(4): 045602. DOI: 10.1088/2058-6272/ad1043
[2]	Jianglong WEI (韦江龙), Yahong XIE (谢亚红), Caichao JIANG (蒋才超), Lizhen LIANG (梁立振), Qinglong CUI (崔庆龙), Shiyong CHEN (陈世勇), Yongjian XU (许永建), Yan WANG (王艳), Li ZHANG (张黎), Yuanlai XIE (谢远来), Chundong HU (胡纯栋). Hefei utility negative ions test equipment with RF source: commissioning and first results[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2018, 20(12): 125601. DOI: 10.1088/2058-6272/aadc06
[3]	Wei LIU (刘伟), Chundong HU (胡纯栋), Sheng LIU (刘胜), Shihua SONG (宋士花), Jinxin WANG (汪金新), Yan WANG (王艳), Yuanzhe ZHAO (赵远哲), LizhenLIANG (梁立振). Development of data acquisition and over-current protection systems for a suppressor-grid current with a neutral-beam ion source[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2017, 19(12): 125605. DOI: 10.1088/2058-6272/aa8cc1
[4]	Doo-Hee CHANG, Seung Ho JEONG, Min PARK, Tae-Seong KIM, Bong-Ki JUNG, Kwang Won LEE, Sang Ryul IN. Discharge Characteristics of Large-Area High-Power RF Ion Source for Positive and Negative Neutral Beam Injectors[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2016, 18(12): 1220-1225. DOI: 10.1088/1009-0630/18/12/13
[5]	HU Chundong (胡纯栋), CHEN Yu (陈宇), XU Yongjian (许永建), YU Ling (于玲), LI Xiang (栗翔), ZHANG Weitang (张为堂), NBI Group. Analysis of the Pipe Heat Loss of the Water Flow Calorimetry System in EAST Neutral Beam Injector[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2016, 18(11): 1139-1142. DOI: 10.1088/1009-0630/18/11/13
[6]	WEI Jianglong (韦江龙), XIE Yahong (谢亚红), LIANG Lizhen (梁立振), GU Yuming (顾玉明), YI Wei (邑伟), LI Jun (李军), HU Chundong (胡纯栋), XIE Yuanlai (谢远来), JIANG Caichao (蒋才超), TAO Ling (陶玲), SHENG Peng (盛鹏), XU Yongjian (许永建). Design of the Prototype Negative Ion Source for Neutral Beam Injector at ASIPP[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2016, 18(9): 954-959. DOI: 10.1088/1009-0630/18/9/13
[7]	SHENG Peng (盛鹏), HU Chundong (胡纯栋), SONG Shihua (宋士花), LIU Zhimin (刘智民), et al. Data Processing Middleware in a High-Powered Neutral Beam Injection Control System[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2013, 15(6): 593-598. DOI: 10.1088/1009-0630/15/6/19
[8]	HU Chundong(胡纯栋), NBI Team. Conceptual Design of Neutral Beam Injection System for EAST[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2012, 14(6): 567-572. DOI: 10.1088/1009-0630/14/6/30
[9]	SHI Qilin (施齐林), HU Chundong (胡纯栋), SHENG Peng (盛鹏), SONG Shihua (宋士花). Design of Control Server Application Software for Neutral Beam Injection System[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2012, 14(4): 343-346. DOI: 10.1088/1009-0630/14/4/14
[10]	LI Jibo(李吉波), DING Siye(丁斯晔), WU Bin(吴斌), HU Chundong(胡纯栋). Simulations of Neutral Beam Ion Ripple Loss on EAST[J]. Plasma Science and Technology, 2012, 14(1): 78-82. DOI: 10.1088/1009-0630/14/1/17