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Stored energy and beta measurements by diamagnetic flux in the HL-3 tokamak

  • Abstract: The beta limit is a critical constraint for advanced high-performance operation in the HL-3 tokamak. Diamagnetic flux measurements provide essential information for beta (β) and plasma stored energy (Wdia). A diamagnetic concentric loop system has been designed and developed on the HL-3 tokamak to measure these parameters. The system consists of two concentric poloidal loops enclosing the plasma column, with a 5% area difference, and an integrator with a constant time of 0.5 ms. By employing a bridge circuit, the design simplifies the integration scheme and effectively suppresses drift, achieving an average measurement accuracy of ±3.5% for the diamagnetic flux (Φdia). For non-circular cross-section plasmas, Wdia is calculated using standard expressions that incorporate plasma elongation ratio ( \kappa ), volume (V), and poloidal cross-sectional circumference (Lc). When real-time data for these parameters are unavailable, an appropriate \kappa must be selected, especially for normalized beta (βN). Experimental comparisons between Wdia and βN obtained from diamagnetic measurements and equilibrium reconstructions show consistent temporal evolution. Analysis further indicates that the beta limit in HL-3 exceeds four times the internal inductance (\ell _\texti). This system enables detailed studies of rapid variations in stored energy and beta, including those associated with edge-localized modes and neoclassical tearing modes.

     

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